Musculoskeletal Microbiology: The Utility of the Microbiome in Orthopaedics
The last 15 years have witnessed a rebirth in the study of the microbes that colonize the human body. The vast majority of human microbioma lies in the intestine. The modifications made to the intestinal microbiome have been associated with the pathogenesis and the progression of expanded diseases throughout the body – including atherosclerosis, depression and obesity. Our understanding of the effects of intestinal microbioma on the musculoskeletal system remains in its infancy, but preclinical work has demonstrated an effect of intestinal microbioma on the success of orthopedic surgical procedures, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, of the osteoarthritis and muscle mass.
In this perspective, I have examined the preliminary conclusions demonstrating that a prejudicial intestinal microbiome can increase the likelihood of developing a peripheral joint infection and how the intestine microbioma modifications can reduce bone resistance by altering the properties of the material. Bone tissues. In addition to discussing these examples, I review the hypothesis that many noncommunicable chronic diseases have become more prevalent in modern industrialized societies as a result of changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiome resulting from the evolution of the ‘Environment / Lifestyle (feeding, sanitation, antibiotic use).
The heaviest musculoskeletal disorders are chronic and noncommunicable and can therefore be linked to the general changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiome, a possibility that I show by examining changes in the prevalence of osteoarthritis over the last century. Microbioma-based therapies are potentially harmless, inexpensive and have the potential to be effective at occasional use, which makes them attractive to meet the needs of chronic disorders and / or slowly progressing musculoskeletal disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Multi-level modeling as a tool for including variability and uncertainty in quantitative microbiology and risk assessment. Thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes as proof of concept
Variability is inherent in biology and as substantial for microbial populations. In the context of the food safety risk assessment, it refers to differences in the response of different bacterial strains (variability between strain) and different cells (variability within the strain) to the same condition (by Example The inactivation processing). However, its quantification based on empirical observations and its incorporation into predictive models is a challenge for experimental design and analysis (statistics). In this article, we propose the use of multilevel models to quantify (different levels of) variability and uncertainty and include them in forecasts. As proof of concept, we analyze the microbial inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes to thermal treatments, including different variability levels (between strain and strain strain) and uncertainty.
The relationship between the microbial number and the time has been expressed using a weibullian (non-linear) model. In addition, we have defined stochastic hypotheses to describe the different types of variation at the kinetic parameters, as well as in the observations (microbial number). Model settings (kinetic settings and variances) are estimated using Bayesian statistics. The multi-level approach has been compared to a similar model at a single level. The multilevel methodology shrinks the estimates of extreme parameters to the average depending on the uncertainty, thus attenuating the tracksuit.
In addition, this approach makes it possible to easily incorporate different levels of variation (between the strain and / or variability of the strain and / or uncertainty) in the forecasts. On the other hand, multi-level (Bayesian) models are more complex to define, implement, analyze and communicate models at a single level. Nevertheless, their ability to incorporate different sources of variability into predictions makes them very suitable for a quantitative assessment of microbial risks.
Geochemistry and microbiology provide environmental niches with conditions promoting potential microbial activity in the shale of Bakken
Schist Bakken and the formation of three underlying forks are an important oil and gas reservoir in the United States. The hydrocarbon resources in this region are accessible using unconventional oil and gas extraction processes, including horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. However, geochemistry and microbiology of this region are not well understood, although they are known to have major implications for productivity and water management.
In this study, we analyzed the water produced from 14 unconventional wells of the Bakken Shale using geochemical measurements, quantitative PCR (QPCR) and sequencing of the RNA 16S gene with the general objective of the general objective. Understanding the complex dynamics present in hydraulically fractured wells. Bakken Shale has produced waters from this study exposes high measurements of total dissolved solids (TDS). These conditions inhibit microbial growth, so that all samples had small microbial fillers, with the exception of a sample (61), which included lower TDS concentrations and higher Arrn gene copies. Our water samples produced had high chloride concentrations typical of other Bakken waters.
Ofloxacin |
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GA7752-10G | Glentham Life Sciences | 10 g | EUR 136.8 |
Ofloxacin |
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GA7752-1G | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 g | EUR 64.8 |
Ofloxacin |
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GA7752-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | EUR 142.4 |
Ofloxacin |
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GA7752-25G | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 g | EUR 208.8 |
Ofloxacin |
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GA7752-5 | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 | EUR 55.4 |
Ofloxacin |
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GA7752-5G | Glentham Life Sciences | 5 g | EUR 103.2 |
Ofloxacin |
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A5511-100 | ApexBio | 100 mg | EUR 199.2 |
Description: Ofloxacin is a fluorinated quinolone antibacterial. Ofloxacin functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a Topo II (topoisomerase II) and Topo IV (Topo II alpha). |
Ofloxacin |
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A5511-1000 | ApexBio | 1g | EUR 38 |
Description: Fluoroquinolones,antibiotics |
Ofloxacin |
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A5511-5000 | ApexBio | 5g | EUR 69 |
Description: Fluoroquinolones,antibiotics |
Ofloxacin |
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AT076 | Unibiotest | 1mg | EUR 1336.8 |
Ofloxacin |
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AG076 | Unibiotest | 1 mg | EUR 525.6 |
Ofloxacin |
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HY-B0125 | MedChemExpress | 10mM/1mL | EUR 135.6 |
Ofloxacin |
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O245750 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10g | EUR 64 |
Description: 82419-36-1 |
Ofloxacin |
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O001-10G | TOKU-E | 10g | EUR 135.88 |
Description: C18H20FN3O4 |
Ofloxacin |
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O001-1G | TOKU-E | 1g | EUR 31.69 |
Description: C18H20FN3O4 |
Ofloxacin |
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T0902-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: Ofloxacin |
Ofloxacin |
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T0902-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: Ofloxacin |
Ofloxacin |
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T0902-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
Description: Ofloxacin |
Ofloxacin |
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T0902-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
Description: Ofloxacin |
Ofloxacin |
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T0902-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: Ofloxacin |
Ofloxacin |
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MD039-1PK | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | Ask for price |
Description: Ofloxacin |
(R)-Ofloxacin |
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3330187 | MedKoo Biosciences | 100.0mg | EUR 450 |
(R)-Ofloxacin |
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T17307-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: (R)-Ofloxacin |
(R)-Ofloxacin |
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T17307-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: (R)-Ofloxacin |
(R)-Ofloxacin |
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T17307-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
Description: (R)-Ofloxacin |
(R)-Ofloxacin |
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T17307-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
Description: (R)-Ofloxacin |
(R)-Ofloxacin |
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T17307-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: (R)-Ofloxacin |
(R)-Ofloxacin |
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HY-B0330D | MedChemExpress | 5mg | EUR 1093.2 |
(R)-Ofloxacin |
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O245740 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 50mg | EUR 236 |
Description: 100986-86-5 |
Ofloxacin HCl |
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414552 | MedKoo Biosciences | 10.0mg | EUR 225 |
Ofloxacin [HRP] |
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DAGA-048H | Creative Diagnostics | 1mg | EUR 1466.4 |
Ofloxacin [OVA] |
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DAGA-048O | Creative Diagnostics | 1mg | EUR 936 |
Ofloxacin [BSA] |
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DAGA-060B | Creative Diagnostics | 1mg | EUR 998.4 |
Ofloxacin [KLH] |
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DAGA-065K | Creative Diagnostics | 1mg | EUR 1294.8 |
Ofloxacin-d8 |
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O245752 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10mg | EUR 257 |
Description: 1219170-21-4 |
Ofloxacin-BSA |
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30R-3430 | Fitzgerald | 1 mg | EUR 528 |
Description: Ofloxacin-BSA |
Ofloxacin-OVA |
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30R-3431 | Fitzgerald | 1 mg | EUR 660 |
Description: Ofloxacin-OVA |
Ofloxacin-BSA |
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80-1477 | Fitzgerald | 1 mg | EUR 592 |
Description: BSA conjugated Ofloxacin Hapten |
Ofloxacin-OVA |
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80-1478 | Fitzgerald | 1 mg | EUR 592 |
Description: OVA conjugated Ofloxacin Hapten |
Ofloxacin antibody |
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10-1548 | Fitzgerald | 100 ug | EUR 350 |
Description: Mouse monoclonal Ofloxacin antibody |
Ofloxacin Antibody |
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20-abx210187 | Abbexa |
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Ofloxacin Antibody |
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abx210187-100l | Abbexa | 100 µl | EUR 400 |
Ofloxacin Antibody |
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abx210187-50l | Abbexa | 50 µl | EUR 281.25 |
Desmethyl Ofloxacin |
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D292270 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10mg | EUR 127 |
Description: 82419-52-1 |
(R)-Ofloxacin-d3 |
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O245742 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 2.5mg | EUR 2067 |
Description: 1346617-10-4 |
Decarboxyl Ofloxacin |
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D215400 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 250mg | EUR 108 |
Description: 123155-82-8 |
Decarboxyl ofloxacin |
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582002 | MedKoo Biosciences | 10.0mg | EUR 320 |
Ofloxacin-d8 HCl |
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464182 | MedKoo Biosciences | 1.0mg | EUR 320 |
Ofloxacin Hydrochloride |
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O039-10G | TOKU-E | 10g | EUR 114.98 |
Description: C18H20FN3O4 • HCl |
Ofloxacin Hydrochloride |
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O039-1G | TOKU-E | 1g | EUR 28.66 |
Description: C18H20FN3O4 • HCl |
Ofloxacin OF 2 mcg |
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SD069-1PK | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 6.31 |
Description: Ofloxacin OF 2 mcg |
Ofloxacin OF 2 mcg |
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SD069-1VL | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 2.99 |
Description: Ofloxacin OF 2 mcg |
Ofloxacin OF 2 mcg |
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SD069-5CT | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 6.65 |
Description: Ofloxacin OF 2 mcg |
Ofloxacin OF 2 mcg |
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SD069-5VL | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 11.84 |
Description: Ofloxacin OF 2 mcg |
Ofloxacin OF 2 mcg |
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SD069-5X50DS | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 6.5 |
Description: Ofloxacin OF 2 mcg |
Ofloxacin OF 5 mcg |
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SD087-1PK | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 6.31 |
Description: Ofloxacin OF 5 mcg |
Ofloxacin OF 5 mcg |
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SD087-1VL | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 2.99 |
Description: Ofloxacin OF 5 mcg |
Ofloxacin OF 5 mcg |
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SD087-5CT | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 6.65 |
Description: Ofloxacin OF 5 mcg |
Ofloxacin OF 5 mcg |
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SD087-5VL | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 11.84 |
Description: Ofloxacin OF 5 mcg |
Ofloxacin OF 5 mcg |
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SD087-5X50DS | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 6.5 |
Description: Ofloxacin OF 5 mcg |
Ofloxacin Of 30 mcg |
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SD744-5CT | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 6.65 |
Description: Ofloxacin Of 30 mcg |
2,3-Dehydro Ofloxacin |
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D229955 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 100mg | EUR 9200 |
Description: 115841-55-9 |
Ofloxacin (OFX) Antibody |
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20-abx175179 | Abbexa |
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Ofloxacin (OFX) Antibody |
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abx175179-1096tests | Abbexa | 10 × 96 tests | EUR 850 |
Ofloxacin (OFX) Antibody |
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abx175179-596tests | Abbexa | 5 × 96 tests | EUR 375 |
Ofloxacin (OFX) Antibody |
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abx175179-96tests | Abbexa | 96 tests | EUR 287.5 |
Decarboxyl ofloxacin, (S)- |
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582013 | MedKoo Biosciences | 10.0mg | EUR 320 |
Ofloxacin (OFL) ELISA Kit |
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abx365135-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | EUR 562.5 |
Ofloxacin-HRP Conjugate |
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50019-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | EUR 558 |
Description: Ofloxacin-HRP conjugate is used for developing an ELISA assay for quantifying ofloxacin. |
Ofloxacin-BSA Conjugate |
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50020-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | EUR 558 |
Description: Ofloxacin-BSA Conjugate is used for developing anti-ofloxacin antibodies that are typically used in an ELISA assay. |
Ofloxacin-KLH Conjugate |
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50021-1mg | AAT Bioquest | 1 mg | EUR 558 |
Description: Ofloxacin-KLH Conjugate is used for developing anti-ofloxacin antibodies that are typically used in an ELISA assay. |
Ofloxacin Isopropyl Ester |
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O337025 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 100mg | EUR 880 |
Description: 126911-77-1 |
Ofloxacin (OFX) ELISA Kit |
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AE81071SF-48Tests | Abebio | 48 Tests | EUR 325 |
Description: Food Safety |
Ofloxacin (OFX) ELISA Kit |
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AE81071SF-96Tests | Abebio | 96 Tests | EUR 610 |
Description: Food Safety |
Ofloxacin ELISA Test Kit |
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LSY-10064 | Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology | 96 well/kit | Ask for price |
Ofloxacin (OFX) Protein (BSA) |
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20-abx651880 | Abbexa |
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Ofloxacin (OFX) Protein (OVA) |
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20-abx651881 | Abbexa |
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Ofloxacin (OFX) Peptide (BSA) |
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abx651880-5mg | Abbexa | 5 mg | EUR 575 |
Ofloxacin (OFX) Peptide (OVA) |
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abx651881-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | EUR 1800 |
Ofloxacin (OFX) Peptide (OVA) |
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abx651881-10g | Abbexa | 10 µg | EUR 475 |
Ofloxacin (OFX) Peptide (OVA) |
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abx651881-50g | Abbexa | 50 µg | EUR 575 |
L.J.Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (40µg/ml) |
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SL168L-10SL | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 15.79 |
Description: L.J.Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (40µg/ml) |
L.J.Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (40µg/ml) |
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SL168L-25SL | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 31.6 |
Description: L.J.Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (40µg/ml) |
Ofloxacin monoclonal antibody |
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10R-11490 | Fitzgerald | 1 mg | EUR 1000 |
Description: Mouse anti- Ofloxacin monoclonal antibody |
BSA Conjugated Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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CPK753Ge11 | Cloud-Clone | 10ug | EUR 140 |
BSA Conjugated Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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4-CPK753Ge11 | Cloud-Clone |
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Description: Recombinant Pan-species Ofloxacin expressed in: E.coli |
OVA Conjugated Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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CPK753Ge21 | Cloud-Clone | 10ug | EUR 140 |
OVA Conjugated Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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4-CPK753Ge21 | Cloud-Clone |
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Description: Recombinant Pan-species Ofloxacin expressed in: E.coli |
BSA Conjugated Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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RPU55091-100ug | Biomatik Corporation | 100ug | EUR 431.2 |
BSA Conjugated Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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RPU55091-1mg | Biomatik Corporation | 1mg | EUR 1911 |
BSA Conjugated Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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RPU55091-50ug | Biomatik Corporation | 50ug | EUR 336 |
OVA Conjugated Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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RPU55092-100ug | Biomatik Corporation | 100ug | EUR 431.2 |
OVA Conjugated Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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RPU55092-1mg | Biomatik Corporation | 1mg | EUR 1911 |
OVA Conjugated Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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RPU55092-50ug | Biomatik Corporation | 50ug | EUR 336 |
Ofloxacin (OFL) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092282-100l | Abbexa | 100 µl | EUR 200 |
Ofloxacin (OFL) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092282-1ml | Abbexa | 1 ml | EUR 400 |
Ofloxacin (OFL) Rapid Test Kit |
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abx092282-200l | Abbexa | 200 µl | EUR 275 |
Defluoro-decarboxyl Ofloxacin |
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D229005 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 500mg | EUR 7700 |
Description: 1346602-33-2 |
Ofloxacin Isopropyl Ester-D7 |
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O237022 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 50mg | EUR 800 |
Desmethyl Ofloxacin Hydrochloride |
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D292098 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 100mg | EUR 184 |
Description: 402930-70-5 |
Desmethyl Ofloxacin (hydrochloride) |
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T36031-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
Description: Desmethyl Ofloxacin (hydrochloride) |
Desmethyl Ofloxacin (hydrochloride) |
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T36031-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
Description: Desmethyl Ofloxacin (hydrochloride) |
Desmethyl Ofloxacin (hydrochloride) |
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T36031-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
Description: Desmethyl Ofloxacin (hydrochloride) |
Desmethyl Ofloxacin (hydrochloride) |
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T36031-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
Description: Desmethyl Ofloxacin (hydrochloride) |
Desmethyl Ofloxacin (hydrochloride) |
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T36031-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
Description: Desmethyl Ofloxacin (hydrochloride) |
Ofloxacin N-Oxide Hydrochloride |
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O245756 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 500mg | EUR 500 |
9-Bromo-10-fluoro Ofloxacin |
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B247050 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 750mg | EUR 9200 |
Description: 1369498-86-1 |
(S)-(-)-Ofloxacin-d3 (N-methyl-d3) |
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L360256 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10mg | EUR 529 |
Description: 2208780-63-4 |
Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
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EM039-10ST | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 21.95 |
Description: Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
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EM039-120ST | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 143.06 |
Description: Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
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EM039-150ST | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 164.38 |
Description: Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
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EM039-30ST | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 53.07 |
Description: Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
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EM039-60ST | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 95.53 |
Description: Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
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EM039-90ST | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 124.27 |
Description: Ofloxacin Ezy MIC Strips (OFX) (0.002-32 |
Monoclonal Antibody to Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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MAK753Ge21 | Cloud-Clone | 100ul | EUR 279 |
Monoclonal Antibody to Ofloxacin (OFX) |
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MAK753Ge28 | Cloud-Clone | 100ul | EUR 282 |
Desmethyl Ofloxacin-d8 Hydrochloride |
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D292097 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10mg | EUR 176 |
Description: 1217042-59-5 |
L.J Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (2µg/ml) ( |
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SL049L-25SL | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 29.87 |
Description: L.J Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (2µg/ml) ( |
OACA00011-100UG - Mouse anti- Ofloxacin |
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OACA00011-100UG | Aviva Systems Biology | 100ug | EUR 329 |
L.J. Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (2 µg/ml) |
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SL049-10SL | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 13.89 |
Description: L.J. Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (2 µg/ml) |
L.J. Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (2 µg/ml) |
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SL049-25SL | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 27.14 |
Description: L.J. Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (2 µg/ml) |
L.J. Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (5 mcg/ml |
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SL192-25SL | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 39.51 |
Description: L.J. Medium Slant w/ Ofloxacin (5 mcg/ml |
(R)-Ofloxacin N-Oxide Acetic Acid Salt |
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P849201 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 100mg | EUR 4500 |
N,N’-Desethylene Ofloxacin Hydrochloride |
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D289365 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 500mg | EUR 161 |
Description: 1797983-25-5 |
(R)-Ofloxacin Carboxylic Acid (Dextrofloxacin Difluoro Impurity) |
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O245760 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 250mg | EUR 3000 |
Description: 110548-07-7 |
Ofloxacin N-Oxide Acetic Acid Salt (Mixture of Diastereomers) |
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O245755 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 250mg | EUR 190 |
Description: 1216511-73-7 |
Ofloxacin Acyl-β-D-glucuronide (80%)(Mixture of Diastereomers) |
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O245765 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 10mg | EUR 1200 |
Description: 90293-81-5 |
(R)-Ofloxacin N-Oxide Acetic Acid Salt (Mixture of N-Oxide Diastereomers) |
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P849200 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 25mg | EUR 4500 |
9-Desfluoro-9-(4-Methyl-piperazino)-10-Des(4-methylpiperazino)-10-Fluoro Ofloxacin |
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P480450 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 25mg | EUR 7600 |
Description: 197291-75-1 |
Biochemical Test Kit for Shigella |
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K140-10KT | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 130.52 |
Description: Biochemical Test Kit for Shigella |
Biochemical Test Kit for Shigella |
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K140-5KT | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 72.53 |
Description: Biochemical Test Kit for Shigella |
HiMotility™ Biochemical Kit for |
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KBM002-10KT | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 50.53 |
Description: HiMotility™ Biochemical Kit for |
However, they also contained a trend towards the concentration of sulphate which suggested a higher occurrence of reduction of sulphate, particularly in wells 11 and 18. Unique geochemistry and microbial charges recorded for wells 11 and 18 suggest that nature suggests that nature Heterogeneous production formation can provide niches to the environment with conditions conducive to microbial growth. This has been supported by strong correlations between the microbial water community produced and the associated geochemical parameters, including the concentrations of sodium, chloride and sulphate. The microbial water community produced was dominated by 19 bacterial families, all already associated with hydrocarbon reservoirs.